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A group of young boys and girls look over something in the street. They wear the jackets called a echogorie and pants called a epajie. Both boys and girls have long braided hairs. Girls have etaenggie at the end of the braids. Their costume would have been worn only on festival days, in this case (because of the heavy winter clothing worn by them) almost certainly on the Lunar New Year, which occurs in late January or early February.

Identifier: 1260.62.08.06

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xq3

Two artisans or farmers are at work to make straw shoes (chipsin). The finished shoes are displayed on the wall.

Inscription/Marks: No inscription.

Identifier: 1260.60.09.42.04

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xnc

eWhen mourners went outdoors, they wore a long coat over their mourning dress. The coat sleeves differed in width according to social class: wider sleeves for upper classes and narrower sleeves for lower classes. All mourners wore conical hats made of finely-cut bamboos on the outside and of sedge on the inside.e They carried a 'poson' (fan made from hemp cloth) in order to cover their faces. Source: Kwon, O-chang. Inmurhwaro ponun Choson sidae uri ot, 1998, p. 90. In this picture a man on left wears his sangbok (mourning dress) with a conical hat made of finely-cut bamboo, but the other on right wears a regular every day dress with a mourning cap. They stand in front of a building while people behind them are watching.

Inscription/Marks: No inscription.

Identifier: 1260.60.09.48.03

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xnn

Three farmers take turns to pound rice with mallets. The rice batter is used to make rice cakes which are special treats for parties and memorial services for ancestors.

Identifier: 1260.57.41.01

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xkt

Fulling clothes was a women's chore done usually in the evenings, after the kitchen work was finished for the day. When the clothes were still slightly damp after washing, they were folded and fulled on a flat board which is called 'tadumidol'. Women used a long and rounded wooden stick in each hand for fulling, which is called 'tadumi pangmangi'. As a result the clothes acquired a certain glossy surface sheen, which lasted for a considerable time. The same picture is shown in www.koreanphoto.co.kr/culture/custom/10.htm.

Identifier: 1260.57.28.03

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xkn

Water for commoners came mainly from communal wells, except for some (aristocratic) 'yangban' households that maintained their own. Households without their own wells used water supplied by water carriers balancing two buckets on a shoulder-pole. Source: Pratt, Keith. Old Seoul, 2002. p. 31. eTo supply a large city with water from neighborhood wells is a work of no small magnitude, and the water-carrier is a recognised institution, which boasts of a powerful guild. The work is genuine and hard, and the pay is correspondingly high.e Homer B. Hulbert. Source: First encounters : Korea 1880-1910, 1982. P.101.

Identifier: 1260.57.27.01

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xkj

A commoner's house is adorned with Korean and American flags. The owner of the house stands in front of his house and a passerby in full Korean outfit, holds a fan to protect his face from the sun. Hopes for American protection from the Japanese ran high in the general population at the time the image was taken, symbolized by the flying of the American flag.

Identifier: 1260.61.043.02

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xpc

: A young coolie, or a laborer, leads an ox, or a bullock, harnessed to carry a cart.

Identifier: 1260.62.08.05

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xq2

Korean women from the lower class of old Korea wore cloaks over their heads for outing. The cloak is called essugae chimae or changot, which is a coat-style veil. Originally changot was the everyday wear for both kings and commoners. Since the time of King 'Sejo' (1417-1468), however, women began to wear the robe, and it then evolved as a veil for women. The inner and outer collars were symmetrical in shape, while the neckline and sleeve-ends were trimmed with a wide, white bias. The collar, ties and armpits were purple. Source: Kwon, O-chang. Inmurhwaro ponun Choson sidae uri ot, 1998, p. 124.

Identifier: 1260.57.12.03

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xk8

Young girls at the open market. They wear Korean traditional long eturumagie that is tied with two long ekorume on the upper part of the coat. Their socks are called eposone and shoes are called ekomusine. All the girls have typical young girl's hairstyle that is parted in the center of their heads. Their costume would have been worn only on festival days, in this case (because of the heavy winter clothing) almost certainly on the Lunar New Year, which occurs in late January or early February.

Identifier: 1260.62.08.02

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xpz

A man is standing in front of the American Legation on a very cold winter day. He wears a warmer and different hat than an ordinary Korean 'kat' which is worn by men shown behind him.

Inscription/Marks: No inscription

Identifier: 1260.60.09.55.03

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xnv

White Buddha Shrine. The statue still stands in what is now Hongeun-dong, Seoul. Source: First encounters : Korea 1880-1910, 1982. P. 68.

Inscription/Marks: Inscription: 'Buddist wayside shrine' in unknown hand.

Identifier: 1260.60.09.41.02

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xn5

Senator Newlands (first row, middle) and Gordon Paddock (first row, towards the right) are shown with a group of Korean scholars and soldiers in traditional soldier's uniforms. A group of Korean women are shown behind them.

Identifier: 1260.61.059.02

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xpj

Korean boys and girls stand at attention to march in the field. They wear mostly white overcoat called eturumagie over the jacket (chogori) and trousers called epajie. Some wear shoes called ekomusine and the others wear shoes (echipsin'), made of plant fibers. Two children carry Korean and American flags.

Inscription/Marks: No inscription.

Identifier: 1260.60.09.56.03

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xnx

Two middle-aged Korean gentlemen walking down the street. They wear a traditional Korean costume, echogorie and epajie with eturumagie that is tied with two long ekorume on the upper part of the coat. Their epajie are tied with etaenime at the lower ends of trousers. Both of them have echumonie, that contains money, under their waists. Their hat, called a ehukripe or commonly a ekate is made out of horsehair. Their shoes are ekomusine. The sunglasses reflect a modern attire among the upper-class Korean gentry.

Identifier: 1260.62.08.04

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xq1

The exact nature of this photograph is unclear. A man beside a statue-like figure standing on an elevated place, probably delivering some messages to Korean civilians, with Korean soldiers looking on.

Inscription/Marks: No inscription.

Identifier: 1260.60.09.48.02

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xnm

Korean officials with arms tucked inside the sleeves, obviously on a chilly day. In the background, a woman wears a essugae chimae. The street setting appears to be related to the Royal Palace grounds in Seoul.

Identifier: 1260.62.21.05

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xqb

This magnificent bullock is shown loaded with fire wood. Bullocks or pony-drawn carts carried wood or grass for household fires. Wood fagots were used as fuel for cooking and heating 'ondol' (underfloor heating system) brick or stone floors which are covered with strong waxed paper. Cows or oxen used to be very important (and expensive) assets for farming. Oxen or bullocks were also used in transportion and road works.

Identifier: 1260.57.27.02

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xkk

'Kune', a Korean type swing. It is entirely common to see people ride such swings standing up; often two people will face one another as they ride. This picture shows an interesting scene in which one person sits on the swing, two standing on the shoulders of those below; above them a rather fragile looking branch bends under their weight. The tree, which has only one very strong branch, seems to be a perfect 'swing tree'.

Identifier: 1260.57.39.05

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xks

This porter carries more than 12 various-sized clay pots, stacked safely in his A-frame. These jars, called a 'siru', were an important part of daily life. They were used to steam rice cakes. 'The jars are made in special kilns through a method of reduction: flames and air are mixed into a fierce heat. Pine twigs are used to keep the flames intense, and the kiln's smokestack and fuel-hole are closed to intensify the heat. The clay ware controls the humidity and helps purify the jars.' Source: Website www.lifeinkorea.com/Images/ tools/kimch508.jpg (viewed May 9, 2003) 'The human porter who was the most ubiquitous carrier of heavy loads, the A-frame on his back piled high with wood, vegetables, fish, seaweed, bamboo, paper, or pots and pans. It was said that a man could lift up to 250 lbs. with ease and 300 lbs. with assistance. With 100 lbs. on his back he could average thirty miles a day.' Source: Pratt, Keith. Old Seoul, 2002, p. 36.

Inscription/Marks: No inscription

Identifier: 1260.60.09.41.01

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xn4

http://www.flickr.com/photos/cornelluniversitylibrary/4095352223/in/set-72157622658973877/

'Kyonghoeru' (Happy Meetings Hall) in Kyongbok Palace. This pavilion, smaller when first constructed during the reign of 'Taejong' (3rd king, 1400-1418) in 1412, was named by the king's eldest son, prince 'Yangnyong', who inscribed the building's name on a plaque. It was used for many purposes ranging from receptions for foreign envoys to national examinations. It was destroyed by the Japanese in 1592 and restored in 1867 by the regent. There are 48 pillars supporting this building. The inner ones are round and the other pillars square (symbolizing Heaven and Earth). During the Korean War the building was damaged, but it has been restored through funds from the American-Korean Foundation. Source: Adams, Edward B. Palaces of Seoul : Yi Dynasty palaces in Korea's capital city, 1972. P. 24.

Inscription/Marks: Inscription in ink, presumably in WDS hand: 'Seoul: Lily pads'

Identifier: 1260.60.09.32.01

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xm8

Probably the fire scene at the 'Toksugung' (?) (Palace of Virtuous Long Life). The fire destroyed many buildings of the palace. The origin of this fire is a mystery, but rumors at the time blamed it on the Japanese authorities. It seems that soldiers are looking for something. ''Toksugung' was originally built as a royal villa. However, as other palaces were burnt down during the Japanese invasion in 1592, Toksugung was then used as a palace. [-]. Sokchojon, among other buildings in the palace grounds, is the first Renaissance-style building in Korea. It now houses the Royal Museum, which exhibits items used by the royal court.' Source: Adams, Edward B. Through gates of Seoul : trails and tales of Yi Dynasty, 1970, v. 1, p. 208. www.marimari.com/content/korea/popular_places/seoul/seoul... (viewed May 22, 2003)

Identifier: 1260.57.13.02

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xkb

The South Gate of 'Kyongbokkung' (Kyongbok Palace) is seen prior to annexation when it was moved to make way for the new capitol. One of the twin haetae (fire-eating monsters) which protected the palaces from fire is depicted here in front of the reconstructed gate. Source: Adams, Edward B. Palaces of Seoul : Yi Dynasty palaces in Korea's capital city, 1972. P. 172.

Inscription/Marks: Inscription in ink, presumably in WDS hand: 'Seoul'

Identifier: 1260.60.09.31.02

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xm6

This picture shows a procession emerging from a gate whose sign reads Chang Buk Ru. It is on a cold winter day with snow on the ground, and therefore might be part of the series of images capturing Min Yong-Hwan's funeral, which dates to mid-December 1905.

Inscription/Marks: No inscription

Identifier: 1260.60.09.38.04

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xmv

Celebrations surrounding the first train crossing of a newly constructed Japanese bridge. Early train commuting occurred in Korea between Seoul and Pusan as early the 1880s. It is not clear which bridge and where this photograph was taken.

Inscription/Marks: Inscription, apparently in hand of WDS: 'Banzai! first train crosses new Japanese bridge'

Identifier: 1260.60.09.38.01

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xms

'Souvenir picture of Japanese dignitaries including General Ito congratulating the signing of the Protectorate Treaty which was being met right at this moment with severe protest from both government officials and grass roots at the front gate of Toksugung (Toksu Palace).' Source: Sajin uiro ponun tongnip undong, 1996, v.1, p. 59.

Identifier: 1260.61.050.01

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xpf

the Japanese Consulate located in 'Namsan', Seoul. It was the official building of the Japanese consul until General Ito proceeded to the post of Resident-General in 1906.

The main gate of 'Toksugung' (Palace of Virtuous Long Life), 'Taeanmun'. Obviously, a dignitary (perhaps the king of Korea himself) is just being carried into the city in the palanquin to the left. The carriers of the palanquin are noticeably Korean. There is a Japanese band in the background, and Japanese troops are at attention. Originally named 'Taeanmun', this main gate to the palace faced south. Later, it was moved to face the east and burnt down in 1904. Rebuilt in 1906, its name was changed to 'Taehanmun'. The three Chinese characters for 'Taehanmun' were written by Nam Chongchol, the Mayor of Seoul. Source: www.lifeinkorea.com/Travel2/65 (viewed May 9, 2003)

Identifier: 1260.57.19.03

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xmc

Shigetsuna Furuya, 1876 - 1967 (here depicted in full diplomatic attire). Japanese. Graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1900, after working for Mitsubishi Goshi Kaisha, and the national newspaper, eKokumin Shinbune. After taking the Diplomat examination Furuya served in China, Korea, Belgium and Great Britain and later in increasingly important diplomatic posts in Canada, Mexico and Argentina.

Gonsuke Hayashi, 1861 - 1939. Served in the Japanese Foreign Ministry in a number of diplomatic and consular posts in China, Great Britain, Korea, Italy [and perhaps others]. In April 1899 he was appointed Minister in Korea. Hayashi signed various bi-lateral treaties and agreements relating to the status of Korea as a Japanese Protectorate. Most notable was the eJapan-Korea Protocole of February 1904, and the eConvention Providing for Control of Korean Foreign Relations by Japane in November 1905.

Shuichi Hagiwara, 1868 - 1911. Japanese. A career diplomat in Japan, appointed in 1901 as Secretary of the Ministry in Seoul, working closely with Gonsuke Hayashi on the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1904.

Two gentlemen, one Korean, one western (probably American), on the footsteps of what appears to be a government building or the Royal Palace.

Shigetsuna Furuya, 1876 - 1967. Japanese. Graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1900, after working for Mitsubishi Goshi Kaisha, and the national newspaper, eKokumin Shinbune. Furuya then took the Diplomat examination and served in China, Korea, Belgium and Great Britain and later in increasingly important diplomatic posts in Canada, Mexico and Argentina.

Oyama Iwao (1842-1916) was born in Satsuma (now Kagoshima Prefecture). He studied gunnery at school and invented a gun that was called the Yasuke cannon. In 1871, after being promoted to the rank of major general, he went to France to study military methods. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, he was a commander-in-chief of Japanese armies in Korea and Manchuria.

Collection: Willard Dickerman Straight and Early U.S.-Korea Diplomatic Relations, Cornell University Library

This picture depicts an elaborate and large scale banquet. Numerous wine bottles and lunch boxes are ready for the guests. We assume that this banquet was held on the grounds of a buddhist temple (a large Buddha statue can be seen in the back to the left).

Inscription/Marks: Inscription in ink under image: 'Japanese banquet' followed by pencilled inscription: 'evidently victory pidgin: note champagne.'

Identifier: 1260.60.09.30.01

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xm2

Japanese soldiers stand at attention in the field. The occasion is unknown. Japanese military presence in Korea grew to considerable numbers from 1905 onwards.

Inscription/Marks: No inscription.

Identifier: 1260.60.09.56.01

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xnw

Photograph of a large group of ciivilian and military dignitaries at the pavilion Chuhapru, a part of the Royal Changdok Palace in Seoul. Chuhapru, built during king Yongjo's (1724-1776) final years, is a two storied pavilion. The lower floor was used as a royal library while the top floor provided a place for entertainment and feast. The occasion is unknown, although judging from the presence of western, Japanese and Korean dignitaries, it must have been a significant event.

Inscription/Marks: Inscription in ink, presumably in WDS hand: 'Kuzoki & staff at Seoul'

Identifier: 1260.60.09.30.03

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xm4

A large regiment of Japanese armed infantry troops stands at attention, presumably as part of a military exercise.

Identifier: 1260.60.09.32.03

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xmb

Two Japanese soldiers stand guard (somewhat leisurely) in front of a modern brick compound. The signboard on the right side of the wall reads in translation: e[Japanese] Army Headquarters stationed in Koreae written in Chinese characters.

Identifier: 1260.57.13.01

Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xk9